"Hidden" Planet Found in Old Hubble Image

A new technique stripped away starlight in a 1998 Hubble Space Telescope image (inset) to reveal the earliest known picture of a planet orbiting the distant star HR 8799, astronomers announced in April 2009.

The gas giant planet, seen above in an artist's conception, is slightly larger than Jupiter. Scientists aren't sure whether the exoplanet has rings, but they know such features are common around similar planets in our solar system.

Illustration courtesy NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI); Hubble picture courtesy NASA, ESA, and D. Lafrenire (University of Toronto, Canada)

It took 11 years, but scientists have now found the earliest known picture of a planet outside our solar system.

Using a new technique that removes starlight from an image, scientists re-examined a Hubble Space Telescope picture taken in 1998 and stripped away starlight to reveal a "hidden" world.
This planet orbits the young star HR 8799, which lies about 130 light-years away in the constellation Pegasus, noted lead study author David Lafrenière of the University of Toronto.

Last September Lafrenière and colleagues announced the first direct picture of an alien planetary system: three massive worlds circling HR 8799. The archived Hubble picture shows the outermost of that planetary trio.

Although the new find is technically confirmation of a previously known planet, the discovery suggests there could be many more unknown planets waiting to be found in Hubble's archives, researchers say.

"They've dug up old Hubble images and found a planet! Crazy!" Geoff Marcy, an astronomer at the University of California, Berkeley, commented by email.

"This will spawn a wild race by astronomers everywhere in the world to dig out their old Hubble images to hunt for planets lost in the rubble of the Hubble."

Stripping Starlight

So far, only a handful of extrasolar planets, or exoplanets, have had their pictures taken directly. Most of the more than 300 known exoplanets have been found based on indirect proof of their existence.

Some are Jupiter-size worlds so massive that their gravity causes light from their parent stars to "wobble."

In other cases, a star's gravitational field magnifies background light like a giant lens. The presence of an orbiting planet periodically adds a tiny amount to this magnification effect.

Still other planets pass in front of their stars as seen from Earth, causing the starlight to dim for a moment. It wasn't until 2004 that astronomers released the first direct picture of an exoplanet, and that one was relatively easy to spot because it was circling a dim failed star known as a brown dwarf.

Study author Lafrenière was inspired to go on his retroactive planet hunt when he heard that scientists had taken the 1998 Hubble picture specifically to look for possible planets around HR 8799, but at the time had come up empty.

"You start with a set of several images of different stars obtained with the same instruments at the same wavelength," he said of the new starlight-removal method.

A computer program then combines the images to create a mock star that resembles the light from the real target star.

Subtracting that light from an image of the target star leaves behind any bright planetary dots that might be in orbit.

Orbital Dance

Astronomer Paul Kalas, also at UC Berkeley, found the first visible-light picture of an exoplanet in a 2005 Hubble image of the dusty disk around the star Fomalhaut.

Astronomers had suspected since the 1980s that a planet might exist there, but they needed more observations to confirm the find, which was announced in 2008.

"Proving that an object is a planet and not a faint background star requires evidence that the object moves along with the star in space," Kalas said.

"With archival [Hubble] data, we would be able to find planet candidates, but confirmation requires observations at later dates, after the star has moved a bit relative to the field of distant background stars."

Overall, Kalas said, a successful planet-finding program might combine archived telescope pictures with new data from ground-based observatories.

Planet's Character

Improving techniques for direct imaging can offer more than just finding new planets, study author Lafrenière added.

Once astronomers can confirm that a given planet exists, pictures can tell us more about a planet's size, its chemical makeup, and its likely atmospheric and surface temperatures, he said.

Hubble's shot of the planet orbiting HR 8799, for example, supports theories that its atmosphere contains significant amounts of water vapor and is partially covered with dust clouds.

Also, most indirect planet-spotting techniques, such as the wobble method, aren't well equipped to find planets farther from their stars than Jupiter is from the sun, Lafrenière noted.

That's because they rely on a planet's gravitational influence on its host, an interaction that gets harder to detect farther away from the star.

But based on our own solar system, scientists know planets could exist in very distant orbits.

"So direct imaging is crucial," Lafrenière said, "to complete a census of the diversity of planetary systems that exist out there.